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Welcome to the Research Design Connections blog, started in 2007. Recent blog entries are available here. Earlier blog entries (one for every working day since the beginning of May, 2007) are available to subscribers.
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Jamrozik and associates investigated how in-office window technology influences cognitive performance and other important aspects of worker experience. The team reports on the implications of using window-shading tools that allow daylight to pass through windows and people inside to see outdoors but curtail glare. Employees who participated in this study worked in all of the test conditions over a 14-week period doing their regular work tasks and for their entire workday. The performance and satisfaction of study participants experiencing the window technologies were compared to their performance and satisfaction in a baseline condition, during which they did not have access to daylight or views outdoors. In the Well Living Lab facility configured as an open office, the researchers “tested the occupant impacts of two modern shading systems designed to provide daylight and view while minimizing glare: windows with manually-controlled motorized mesh shades (Mesh Shades) and windows with automatic tinting (Dynamic Tint). . . . Two aspects of cognitive function performance—Working Memory and Inhibition—improved in both the Mesh Shades and Dynamic Tint conditions.. . . There were no statistical differences between settings with Dynamic Tint and motorized Mesh Shades on measures of cognitive function performance, satisfaction, or eyestrain symptoms. . . . Access to either motorized Mesh Shades or Dynamic Tint improved occupants' satisfaction with light and view, and reduced their perceived eyestrain symptoms, compared to baseline. . . . the motorized Mesh Shades and Dynamic Tint conditions improved people's satisfaction with other aspects of the environment such as aesthetic appearance and the ability to alter physical conditions, as well as the environment overall.” The baseline conditions were created using motorized roller blackout shades (Mermet Blackout-White, Lutron Electronics), the roller mesh shade was an E Screen - THEIA™, White/Pearl (Lutron Electronics), while the electrochromic (dynamic) window tinting system was from View, Inc. More information on how each piece of window technology was configured and test conditions generally are available at the web address noted below.
Anja Jamrozik, Nicholas Clements, Syed Hasan, Jie Zhao, Rongpeng Zhang, Carolina Campanella, Vivian Loftness, Paige Porter, Shaun Ly, Selena Wang, and Brent Bauer. 2019. “Access to Daylight and View in an Office Improves Cognitive Performance and Satisfaction and Reduces Eyestrain: A Controlled Crossover Study.” Building and Environment, vol. 165, 103379, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106379
Researchers from the University of London have found that we may now be defining journey length not just in terms of miles/kilometers but also in terms of the battery life of our mobile phones. Investigators, lead by Thomas Robinson, found during a study of London commuters that participants “viewed their daily trip in terms of the time and distance between charging points for mobile technology. ‘People no longer think about their destination being 10 km away or 10 stops on the tube. They think about it being 50 per cent of their battery away,’ said the study’s lead author, Dr. Thomas Robinson. ‘During interviews respondents discussed how a full battery gauge made them feel positive and as though they could go anywhere or do anything. Anything less than half full, however, induced feelings of profound anxiety and discomfort,’ [Thomas Robinson] said. . . . . As mobile phones are now far more than just means of communication — they are maps, digital wallets, entertainment systems, diaries, banking, step and pulse counters etcetera — battery icons are at the heart of social and consumer tasks. Management of battery levels structures people’s daily activities.”
“Battery Icons Shape Perceptions of Time and Space and Define User Identities.” 2019. Press release, University of London, https://www.city.ac.uk/news/2019/september/mobile-technology-battery-ico...
Glasgow and teammates evaluated mood during travel by contacting people periodically during their journeys via their phones. The researchers found that “Mood differed as a function of exposure to various built and natural environments. . . . Positive mood was higher for pedestrians and for bicyclists [than for people engaged in motorized travel]. . . . Interpersonal conversation during trips was associated with more positive mood. . . . Errand trips were associated with more negative mood compared to other trips. . . . Mood was lower when individuals travelled through places with a higher Walk Score®, but higher when individuals travelled through natural environments. All participants felt less safe when bicycling. . . . The research demonstrated how . . . urban transportation infrastructure could be designed to enhance mental well-being.” More information on Walk Score® is available here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_Score
Trevin Glasgow, Huyen Le, E. Scott Geller, Yingling Fan, and Steve Hankey. “How Transport Modes, the Built and Natural Environments, and Activities Are Associated with Mood: A GPS Smartphone App Study.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, in press, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101345
Researchers from the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, the University of Sussex, and University College London investigated how scents and sounds influence our perceptions of our bodies. The team found “that olfactory stimuli combined with auditory stimuli can change our perception of our body. . . . People feel thinner and lighter when exposed to the smell of lemon, while feeling heavier and more corpulent when they smell vanilla. . . . Through a device adapted to a pair of shoes . . . . [researchers] analysed how our perception of our body changes when the [acoustic] frequency spectrum of steps taken during physical activity was modified in real-time. ‘By increasing high frequencies, people feel lighter, happier, walk in a more active way and as a result, they find it easier to exercise’, explains Ana Tajadura-Jiménez, a lecturer in the Computer Science and Engineering Department at” Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. The press release from Universidad Carlos III de Madrid concludes that “These results will allow new and more effective therapies to be designed, such as virtual reality experiences or the development of interactive clothes or portable technology.”
“Olfactory and Auditory Stimuli Change the Perception of Our Body.” 2019. Press release, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, https://www.uc3m.es/ss/Satellite/UC3MInstitucional/en/Detalle/Comunicaci...
Omigie and colleagues probed the implications of listening to “beautiful” music; their findings may be applicable to other sensory experiences. Via an online survey and lab-based research, during which physiological data were collected, the investigators assessed how “self-identified beautiful passages (BPs), in self-selected music, may be distinguishable in terms of their affective [emotional] qualities. . . . three BP subtypes that we labeled Low-Tension/Low-Energy (LTLE), Low-Tension/High-Energy (LTHE), and High-Tension/High-Energy (HTHE) BPs [were identified]. LTHE and HTHE BPs induced greater interest and were more liked than LTLE BPs. Further, LTHE and HTHE clusters were associated with increases in skin-conductance, in accordance with the higher arousal reported for these BPs, while LTLE BPs resulted in the increases in smiling and respiration-rate previously associated with processing fluency and positive valence. LTLE BPs were also shown to be lower in tempo and polyphony than the other BP types. Finally, while both HTHE and LTHE BPs were associated with changes in dynamics . . . HTHE BPs were associated with increases in pitch register and LTHE BPs, with a tendency towards the major mode and reductions in harmonic ambiguity.”
Diana Omigie, Klaus Frieler, Christian Bar, R. Muralikrishnan, Melanie Wald-Fuhrmann, and Timo Fishinger “Experiencing Musical Beauty: Emotional Subtypes and Their Physiological and Musico-Acoustic Correlates.” Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, in press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/aca0000271
Haapakangas and colleagues studied the experience of moving into an activity-based workplace (ABW). Over an extended period, at multiple offices, they evaluated via survey data “the effects of moving into an ABW on satisfaction with communication, on social relations (i.e., social support and social community) and on work demands (i.e., quantitative demands, emotional demands and work pace) 3 months and 12 months after the relocation. . . . Satisfaction with communication and the sense of belonging to a community had decreased 3 and 12 months after the relocation. Work pace was not affected while small, mostly short-term, negative effects on social support, quantitative demands and emotional demands were only observed among employees who had moved to ABWs from private offices. . . . results suggest that, to avoid negative outcomes, organizations moving to ABWs should focus on solving difficulties in locating colleagues at the office and on supporting particularly workers from private offices in adopting activity-based working.”
Annu Haapakangas, David Hallman, Svend Mathiassen and Helena Jahncke. “The Effects of Moving Into an Activity-Based Office on Communication, Social Relations and Work Demands – A Controlled Intervention with Repeated Follow-Up.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, in press, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101341
Hearing low frequencies has significant effects on life experiences. Scientists report “this exploratory study was designed to investigate the effects of lower frequency sound (10 Hz to 200 Hz) on the perception of the mouthfeel character of palate weight/body. . . . Wines were the tastants — a New Zealand Pinot Noir and a Spanish Garnacha — which were tasted in silence and with a 100 Hz (bass) and a higher 1000 Hz sine wave tone. . . . the Pinot Noir wine was rated as significantly fuller-bodied when tasted with a bass frequency than in silence or with a higher frequency sound. The low frequency stimulus also resulted in the Garnacha wine being rated as significantly more aromatically intense than when tasted in the presence of the higher frequency auditory stimulus. Acidity was rated considerably higher with the higher frequency in both wines by those with high wine familiarity and the Pinot Noir significantly better liked than the Garnacha.”
Jo Burzynska, Qian Wang, Charles Spence, and Susan Bastian. 2019. “Taste the Bass: Low Frequencies Increase the Perception of Body and Aromatic Intensity in Red Wine.” Multisensory Research, vol. 32, no. 4-5, https://doi.org/10.1163/22134808-2019406
How does music heard while dining influence the eating experience? Reinoso-Carvalho and colleagues report that “two contrasting music tracks (positive vs negative emotion) were presented to consumers while tasting beer. . . . Participants liked the beer more, and rated it as tasting sweeter, when listening to music associated with positive emotion. The same beer was rated as more bitter, with higher alcohol content, and as having more body, when the participants listened to music associated with negative emotion. Moreover, participants were willing to pay 7–8% more for the beer that was tasted while they listened to positive music. This novel methodology was subsequently replicated with two different styles of beer.”
Felipe Reinoso-Carvalho. Silvana Dakduk, Johan Wagemans, and Charles Spence. 2019. “Not Just Another Pint! The Role of Emotion Induced by Music on the Consumer’s Tasting Experience.” Multisensory Research, vol. 32, no. 4-5, https://doi.org/10.1163/22134808-20191374
Lin and teammates investigated multi-sensory experiences involving sound. In a lab, they probed “the effects of environmental sounds (park, food court, fast food restaurant, cafe, and bar sounds) on the perception of chocolate gelato (specifically, sweet, bitter, milky, creamy, cocoa, roasted, and vanilla notes). . . . The results revealed that bitterness, roasted, and cocoa notes were more evident when the bar, fast food, and food court sounds were played. Meanwhile, sweetness was cited more in the early mastication [chewing] period when listening to park and café sounds.”
Yi Lin, Nazimah Hamid, Daniel Shepherd, Kevin Kantono, and Charles Spence. 2019. “Environmental Sounds Influence the Multisensory Perception of Chocolate Gelati.” Foods, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 124, https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8040124
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